Liraglutide (GLP-1) (3mg)

Liraglutide Peptide

Liraglutide is synthetic polypeptide analog, containing 31 amino acids. Scientists classify it as a lipopeptide, comprising the amino acid arginine and a hexadecanoyl group. A 2007 study was conducted where the Liraglutide peptide was introduced into a rat pancreas alongside a sulfonylurea compound. The study results noted that exposure "to isolated perfused rat pancreases at low perfusate glucose concentrations normally does not affect insulin secretion but resulted in dramatic stimulation of insulin secretion after [exposure] with sulfonylurea." A study conducted in 2006 suggested that the peptide analog may inhibit the death of pancreatic beta cells in murine models and protect the islet cells from future destruction.

Chemical Makeup

Molecular Formula: C₁₇₂H₂₆₅N₄₃O₅₁
Molecular Weight: 3751.24 g/mol
Other Known Titles: NN2211

Liraglutide Research

Studies posit that the Liraglutide peptide may have distinct actions on murine pancreatic α-cells and β-cells, particularly regarding cell viability, apoptosis, and secretion capabilities. This differentiation is apparently mediated by the cAMP-PKA signaling pathway and the regulation of microRNA-375 (miR-375). For α-cells, represented in vitro by the α-TC1-6 cell line, Liraglutide seems to increase miR-375 levels and promote apoptosis through inhibition of the cAMP-PKA signal pathway. This action potentially leads to a reduction in glucagon secretion from α-cells.  Conversely, in β-cells, represented by the β-TC-tet cell line, Liraglutide appears to activate the cAMP-PKA signal pathway, possibly resulting in the down-regulation of miR-375 and improved cell viability. These observations indicate that Liraglutide may have the potential to differentially regulate pancreatic α and β cell functions through mechanisms involving the cAMP-PKA signaling pathway and miR-375. The study highlights the complexity of Liraglutide's actions at the cellular level, suggesting that its actions on α-cells and β-cells may be mediated through distinct molecular mechanisms.

POMC/CART neurons may impact the release of α-MSH, which is considered to bind to melanocortin-4 receptors (MC4R). Conversely, NPY and AgRP neurons may have converse stimulatory action, through orexigenic and antagonist/inverse agonist actions respectively, at MC4R. It is hypothesized that Liraglutide might be internalized in neurons expressing POMC and CART. Electrophysiological measurements in murine models suggested that the peptide might directly stimulate POMC/CART neurons and indirectly inhibit neurotransmission in neurons expressing NPY and AgRP via GABA-dependent signaling. By facilitating GABAergic signaling, Liraglutide may potentially reduce the activity of orexigenic NPY/AgRP neurons.

While direct data remains to be seen, it is conceivable that Liraglutide might support the functionality of adipocytes. This might involve the modulation of adipokines,  a form of cytokines. Leptin, which adipocytes may primarily secrete, may be influenced by Liraglutide action, researchers suggest the peptide may exhibit the potential to moderate leptin levels. Speculative data also suggests that Liraglutide might elevate PYY levels, augmenting the action of diminished leptin levels.

Liraglutide peptide is available for research and laboratory purposes only. Please review and adhere to our Terms and Conditions before ordering.

Not for human consumption.

References:

1. National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 16134956, Liraglutide.
2. Bose AK, Mocanu MM, Carr RD, Brand CL, Yellon DM. Glucagon-like peptide 1 can directly protect the heart against ischemia/reperfusion injury. Diabetes. 2005. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15616022
3. Xu X, Chen J, Hu L, Liang M, Wang X, Feng S, Shen J, Luan X. Liraglutide regulates the viability of pancreatic α-cells and pancreatic β-cells through cAMP-PKA signal pathway. Life Sci. 2018 Feb 15;195:87-94. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.12.012. Epub 2017 Dec 7. PMID: 29225111.